THE HINDU - COMPREHENSIVE CURRENT AFFAIRS- 29 September 2025

🔥 BREAKING: General Anil Chauhan's tenure as Chief of Defence Staff extended till May 2026 | India wins Asia Cup 2025 defeating Pakistan | Navratri celebrations on Day 8 across the nation 🔥

Introduction

Welcome to today's comprehensive current affairs analysis for competitive exam aspirants preparing for UPSC, SSC, Banking, State PSCs, and other government examinations. Today's edition covers significant developments across various sectors including national security appointments, international sports achievements, economic indicators, and social developments. The major highlight includes the extension of the Chief of Defence Staff's tenure, reflecting continuity in India's defense reforms. Additionally, gold prices have reached new heights, and India's sporting excellence continues with the Asia Cup cricket victory. This blog provides detailed analysis, context, and exam-oriented insights for each news item to help aspirants understand the broader implications and connect various concepts for holistic preparation.

1. NATIONAL, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE

News 1: Extension of General Anil Chauhan as Chief of Defence Staff

Headline & Brief: The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved the extension of service of General Anil Chauhan as the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), who shall also function as Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Military Affairs, up to May 30, 2026, or until further orders. This decision ensures continuity in India's defense modernization and integration efforts.

Context & Background: The post of Chief of Defence Staff was created in December 2019 following the recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee (1999) and later the Naresh Chandra Committee (2012). The position was established to bring synergy among the three services - Army, Navy, and Air Force. The first CDS was Late General Bipin Rawat, who was appointed on January 1, 2020. After his unfortunate demise in a helicopter crash in December 2021, General Anil Chauhan was appointed as the second CDS on September 28, 2022. The CDS acts as the Principal Military Adviser to the Raksha Mantri (Defense Minister) on all tri-service matters.

Key Concepts:

• Chief of Defence Staff (CDS): A four-star General/equivalent officer who serves as the single-point military adviser to the Government. The CDS heads the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) and is a member of the Defence Acquisition Council and Defence Planning Committee.
• Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC): A committee of the Union Cabinet responsible for appointments to key positions in government, including constitutional bodies, public sector undertakings, and regulatory authorities. It is chaired by the Prime Minister.
• Department of Military Affairs (DMA): One of the four departments under the Ministry of Defence, created in 2019 to facilitate restructuring of military commands for optimal utilization of resources. It is headed by the CDS.
• Theaterization: The process of integrating assets and resources of the Army, Navy, and Air Force under unified commands for geographical or functional areas, allowing joint operations.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Questions can be asked about the constitutional provisions and administrative structure related to defense appointments
• Understanding of defense reforms and theaterization process is crucial for UPSC Mains GS-3 (Security)
• ACC's composition and functions are important for Polity section
• Historical evolution of military command structure can be asked in Prelims
• Essay topic relevance: Military reforms, Civil-military relations, National Security

Stakeholders:

• General Anil Chauhan - Current CDS whose tenure has been extended
• Prime Minister's Office - Chairs the ACC
• Ministry of Defence - Parent ministry overseeing military affairs
• Three Service Chiefs - Army Chief, Navy Chief, Air Force Chief who coordinate with CDS
• National Security Council - Strategic body involved in defense planning

Impact & Implications:

• Policy Continuity: The extension ensures continuity in implementing defense reforms, particularly the creation of integrated theater commands
• Strategic Planning: Allows sustained focus on modernization programs and capability development
• Budget Integration: Facilitates better coordination in defense budget allocation across services
• Operational Readiness: Maintains momentum in addressing the two-front security challenge from China and Pakistan
• Administrative Stability: Prevents disruption in ongoing restructuring and reforms in military affairs

News 2: Navratri Celebrations - Day 8 (Maa Kalaratri)

Headline & Brief: September 29, 2025, marks the eighth day of Navratri, dedicated to Goddess Kalaratri, one of the nine forms of Goddess Durga. Devotees across India are observing fasts, performing special pujas, and participating in cultural festivities as Navratri reaches its penultimate day before Maha Navami and Dussehra celebrations.

Context & Background: Navratri, meaning "nine nights," is one of the most significant Hindu festivals celebrated across India with regional variations. Sharad Navratri, falling in September-October (Ashwin month as per Hindu calendar), is the most widely observed. The festival commemorates the victory of Goddess Durga over the demon Mahishasura, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil. Each of the nine days is dedicated to a different form of Durga - Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kalaratri, Mahagauri, and Siddhidatri. The festival culminates in Vijayadashami or Dussehra on the tenth day.

Key Concepts:

• Navratri: A nine-night festival dedicated to the worship of Goddess Durga and her nine avatars (Navadurga). There are four Navratris in a year - Chaitra (March-April), Ashadha (June-July), Sharad (September-October), and Pausha (December-January), though Sharad Navratri is most popular.
• Maa Kalaratri: The seventh avatar of Goddess Durga, worshipped on the eighth day. She is the fiercest form, destroying demons and negative energies. Despite her fearsome appearance, she bestows courage and removes fear from devotees.
• Dussehra/Vijayadashami: The tenth day marking the end of Navratri, celebrating Lord Rama's victory over Ravana and Goddess Durga's victory over Mahishasura. The day symbolizes the victory of good over evil.
• Durga Puja: Particularly prominent in West Bengal, this is the biggest festival celebrating Goddess Durga with elaborate pandals, cultural programs, and community celebrations.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Indian culture and festivals are important for GS-1 (Indian Heritage and Culture) in UPSC Mains
• Questions about regional variations in festival celebrations can appear in Prelims
• Understanding of Hindu calendar system and astronomical basis of festivals
• Essay topics: Cultural unity in diversity, Role of festivals in social cohesion, Women empowerment through religious symbolism
• State PSC exams often focus on local festival traditions and cultural practices

Stakeholders:

• Hindu devotees across India and globally
• State governments managing law and order during festivities
• Temple authorities and religious organizations conducting rituals
• Local communities organizing cultural events and pandals
• Tourism departments promoting cultural tourism
• Small businesses and artisans benefiting from festival economy

Impact & Implications:

• Cultural Unity: Festival celebrations across diverse regions strengthen cultural bonds and national integration
• Economic Boost: Significant economic activity through retail, hospitality, and entertainment sectors
• Tourism Promotion: Attracts domestic and international tourists, showcasing India's cultural heritage
• Social Gathering: Community participation fosters social cohesion and collective celebrations
• Women Empowerment Symbol: Goddess worship represents feminine power (Shakti) and women's strength in society
• Environmental Concerns: Need for eco-friendly celebrations, especially regarding idol immersion and pollution control

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & SPORTS DIPLOMACY

News 3: India Wins Asia Cup 2025 - Defeating Pakistan in Final

Headline & Brief: India clinched the Asia Cup 2025 title by defeating arch-rivals Pakistan by 5 wickets in a thrilling final held in Dubai on September 28, 2025. Chasing 147, India achieved the target with 2 balls remaining, with Tilak Varma being declared Player of the Match and Kuldeep Yadav earning the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award for the tournament. This victory reinforces India's dominance in Asian cricket.

Context & Background: The Asia Cup is a men's One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket tournament contested among Asian countries. First organized in 1984, it is organized by the Asian Cricket Council (ACC). India has been historically the most successful team in this tournament. The India-Pakistan cricket rivalry is one of the most intense in world sports, with matches between the two nations drawing massive global audiences. Due to political tensions, the two countries only face each other in ICC tournaments or Asia Cup. The last bilateral series was played in 2012-13. Cricket serves as an important diplomatic tool and cultural bridge between nations, often referred to as "cricket diplomacy."

Key Concepts:

• Asia Cup: A cricket tournament involving Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and associate members. The format alternates between ODI and T20I. The tournament serves to promote cricket in Asia and provide competitive matches before major ICC events.
• Asian Cricket Council (ACC): The regional administrative body for cricket in Asia, founded in 1983 and headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It organizes the Asia Cup and promotes cricket development in the region.
• Sports Diplomacy: The use of sports as a means to influence diplomatic, social, and political relations. Cricket between India and Pakistan is a prime example, where sports transcend political boundaries.
• T20 Format: Twenty20 is the shortest format of cricket with each team playing a single innings, restricted to 20 overs. It was introduced in 2003 and has become extremely popular for its fast-paced, entertaining nature.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Sports and international relations intersection important for UPSC Mains GS-2 (International Relations)
• Questions about sports bodies and their governance structure
• Role of sports in nation-building and soft power projection
• Essay topics: Sports as a tool for diplomacy, Youth and sports development, Role of sports in national integration
• Current affairs questions about major sporting events and achievements
• Banking and SSC exams frequently ask about sports awards, tournaments, and recent winners

Stakeholders:

• Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) - India's cricket governing body
• Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) - Pakistan's cricket authority
• Asian Cricket Council (ACC) - Organizing body
• International Cricket Council (ICC) - Global governing body
• Players: Tilak Varma (Player of Match), Kuldeep Yadav (MVP), and entire Indian cricket team
• Sponsors and broadcasters benefiting from high viewership
• Cricket fans across Asia and globally

Impact & Implications:

• Sporting Excellence: Demonstrates India's continued dominance in cricket and preparation for upcoming World Cup events
• National Pride: Victory over Pakistan enhances national morale and sporting prestige
• Soft Power: Cricket success projects India's soft power globally and strengthens brand value
• Economic Impact: Generates revenue through broadcasting rights, sponsorships, and tourism
• Youth Inspiration: Motivates young athletes and promotes sports as a career option
• Regional Relations: Despite political tensions, sports provide a platform for people-to-people contact
• Player Development: Tournament exposure helps identify talent and prepare for international competitions

3. ECONOMY & FINANCE

News 4: Gold Prices Reach ₹11,640 per Gram for 24 Karat

Headline & Brief: Gold prices in India on September 29, 2025, stand at ₹11,640 per gram for 24-karat gold, ₹10,670 per gram for 22-karat gold, and ₹8,730 per gram for 18-karat gold. The precious metal continues to be viewed as a hedge against inflation and economic uncertainty, with investors increasingly diversifying their portfolios by including gold investments.

Context & Background: Gold has historically held immense cultural and economic significance in India, which is one of the largest consumers of gold globally. Indian households hold approximately 25,000 tonnes of gold, worth trillions of rupees. Gold prices are influenced by multiple factors including international gold prices (determined by London Bullion Market), US dollar fluctuation, crude oil prices, inflation, central bank policies, and geopolitical tensions. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) also maintains gold reserves as part of foreign exchange reserves. In the Indian context, gold demand peaks during festivals (Diwali, Dhanteras, Akshaya Tritiya) and wedding seasons. The government has introduced various schemes like Gold Monetization Scheme and Sovereign Gold Bonds to channelize household gold into productive use.

Key Concepts:

• Karat System: Karat (K or kt) is a measure of gold purity. 24K gold is 99.9% pure gold, 22K is 91.67% pure (commonly used for jewelry in India), and 18K is 75% pure. The remaining portion contains other metals like copper, silver, or zinc for durability.
• Hedge Against Inflation: Gold is considered an inflation hedge because its value typically rises when currency purchasing power declines. During inflationary periods, investors flock to gold as a store of value.
• London Bullion Market: The global center for over-the-counter (OTC) gold and silver trading. It sets the benchmark prices for gold globally through the LBMA Gold Price auction held twice daily.
• Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs): Government securities denominated in grams of gold, issued by RBI on behalf of the Government of India. They offer interest (currently 2.5% per annum) plus capital appreciation, making them better than physical gold investment.
• Gold Monetization Scheme: Allows gold holders to deposit their idle gold with banks and earn interest, reducing India's gold imports and putting dormant gold into productive use.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Indian Economy section: commodity markets, inflation, and investment options
• Questions about RBI schemes related to gold - SGBs, Gold Monetization Scheme
• Current Account Deficit and gold imports relationship
• Government policies to reduce gold imports (part of fiscal management)
• Essay topics: Investment behavior in India, Inflation management, Financial inclusion
• Banking exams: detailed questions on gold-related financial products

Stakeholders:

• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) - Manages gold reserves and issues SGBs
• Ministry of Finance - Formulates policies for gold sector
• Indian households - Largest holders of private gold
• Jewelry manufacturers and retailers
• Banks and financial institutions offering gold loans and investment products
• Import-export traders dealing in gold
• Stock exchanges where gold ETFs are traded

Impact & Implications:

• Investment Diversification: High gold prices encourage investors to explore alternative investment vehicles like SGBs and Gold ETFs
• Current Account Deficit: Rising gold prices may increase import bill if demand remains strong, affecting India's CAD
• Inflationary Pressure: High gold prices indicate inflationary expectations in the economy
• Rural Economy: Gold serves as collateral for agricultural loans; price increase improves farmers' creditworthiness
• Jewelry Industry: Higher prices may temporarily dampen demand but increase inventory value
• Festive Season Impact: With Navratri and upcoming Diwali/Dhanteras, high prices may affect festival purchases
• Foreign Exchange Reserves: RBI's gold reserves gain value, strengthening forex position

4. SOCIAL ISSUES & GOVERNANCE

News 5: Extension of Service Age for Government Officials

Headline & Brief: The extension of General Anil Chauhan's tenure as CDS beyond the normal retirement age highlights the government's policy flexibility regarding service extensions for key positions. This practice, governed by specific rules and regulations, aims to ensure continuity in critical roles while balancing organizational renewal and experience retention.

Context & Background: In the Indian administrative system, there are defined retirement ages for different services. For civil servants, the retirement age is 60 years (recently increased to 62 for certain all-India services). For military officers, different rules apply - the retirement age varies by rank and position. The Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, and Chief of Air Staff typically serve for a tenure or until 62 years, whichever is earlier. Extensions beyond normal tenure are granted in exceptional circumstances based on organizational requirements, individual performance, and continuity needs. The practice has been subject to debate regarding meritocracy, succession planning, and potential for favoritism. The Supreme Court has also ruled on service extension matters, establishing that such extensions should be transparent, rule-based, and in public interest.

Key Concepts:

• Superannuation: The age or period at which a person retires from service. In India, it varies - 60 years for most civil servants, 65 years for Supreme Court judges, 62 years for High Court judges, and specific ages for defense personnel based on rank.
• Service Extension: Continuation of employment beyond the normal retirement age or tenure period. It is typically granted through formal orders by the competent authority and may be for a fixed period or until further orders.
• Doctrine of Pleasure: Article 310 of the Indian Constitution states that civil servants hold office "during the pleasure of the President" (for Union) or "Governor" (for States). However, this is subject to constitutional protections under Article 311 regarding removal and dismissal.
• Fixed Tenure System: Certain positions, particularly in defense and intelligence, have fixed tenure systems to ensure regular rotation, prevent concentration of power, and provide career progression opportunities to others.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Constitutional provisions regarding civil services (Articles 309-323) important for Polity
• Administrative law principles regarding service matters
• Supreme Court judgments on service extensions and tenure
• Ethics and integrity issues: Meritocracy vs. continuity debate
• Essay topics: Civil service reforms, Merit vs. seniority, Institutional autonomy
• Mains GS-2: Appointment to various constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities

Stakeholders:

• Appointments Committee of Cabinet - Approving authority for senior appointments
• Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) - Manages civil service rules
• Ministry of Defence - For military appointments
• Individual officers whose careers are affected
• Supreme Court - Judicial oversight on service matters
• Civil society and media - Public accountability watchdogs

Impact & Implications:

• Expertise Retention: Ensures continuity of experience in critical positions
• Succession Planning Concerns: May delay career progression for next-in-line officers
• Institutional Stability: Prevents frequent changes in leadership during critical periods
• Precedent Setting: Creates expectations for similar extensions in comparable positions
• Transparency Issues: Requires clear criteria and justification to maintain public trust
• Organizational Morale: Can affect motivation and planning of other senior officers

5. ENVIRONMENT & FESTIVALS

News 6: Eco-Friendly Celebration Push During Navratri and Upcoming Dussehra

Headline & Brief: As Navratri celebrations continue and preparations for Dussehra begin, environmental authorities and NGOs are emphasizing eco-friendly celebrations. This includes use of biodegradable materials for idols, natural colors, noise pollution control, and proper waste management. The focus aligns with India's commitment to sustainable development and environmental protection.

Context & Background: Traditional festival celebrations in India, while culturally significant, often contribute to environmental degradation. Issues include water pollution from idol immersion (especially with Plaster of Paris idols containing toxic paints), air pollution from firecrackers, noise pollution, and solid waste generation. The Supreme Court has issued multiple directions regarding environmental protection during festivals, including restrictions on firecracker use and guidelines for idol immersion. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards monitor pollution levels during festivals. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has also passed various orders mandating eco-friendly celebrations. Recent years have seen increased awareness and adoption of alternatives like clay idols, artificial immersion tanks, and reduced firecracker usage.

Key Concepts:

• Plaster of Paris (PoP): A white powder that hardens when mixed with water, commonly used for making idols. PoP idols don't dissolve easily in water, causing pollution. They also contain harmful chemicals and non-biodegradable paints containing heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, and lead.
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): A measure of water pollution. When PoP idols and toxic paints dissolve in water bodies, they increase BOD, depleting oxygen necessary for aquatic life, leading to fish deaths and ecosystem damage.
• Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): A statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, established in 1974. It monitors and controls pollution, sets standards, and coordinates with State Pollution Control Boards.
• National Green Tribunal (NGT): Established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, it is a specialized judicial body for environmental disputes and enforcement of environmental laws. It has original jurisdiction and can pass binding orders.
• Sustainable Development: Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It balances economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Environment section: pollution types, environmental laws, and judicial activism
• Constitutional provisions: Article 48A (State to protect environment) and Article 51A(g) (fundamental duty to protect environment)
• Questions about CPCB, NGT, and their powers
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - particularly Goals 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
• Essay topics: Culture vs. Environment, Sustainable celebrations, Environmental ethics
• Ethics case studies: balancing religious sentiments with environmental concerns

Stakeholders:

• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change - Policy formulation
• Central Pollution Control Board and State PCBs - Monitoring and enforcement
• National Green Tribunal - Judicial oversight
• State governments and local authorities - Implementation of guidelines
• Religious organizations and community groups - Festival organization
• NGOs and environmental activists - Awareness campaigns
• Idol manufacturers and artisans - Transition to eco-friendly materials
• Citizens and devotees - Behavior change required

Impact & Implications:

• Water Quality: Eco-friendly idols prevent water pollution in rivers, lakes, and seas
• Aquatic Life Protection: Reduced toxic discharge protects fish and other marine organisms
• Air Quality: Limiting firecrackers improves air quality, especially in urban areas
• Behavioral Change: Promotes environmental consciousness and responsible celebration practices
• Economic Transition: Encourages artisans to adapt to eco-friendly materials, potentially creating new market opportunities
• Cultural Evolution: Demonstrates that traditions can evolve with environmental awareness without losing significance
• Public Health: Reduced pollution benefits public health, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and elderly
• Legal Precedent: Strengthens environmental jurisprudence and enforcement mechanisms

QUICK FACTS & REVISION NOTES

Category	Important Points
Defense Appointments	• Chief of Defence Staff created on December 31, 2019 • First CDS: Late General Bipin Rawat (January 1, 2020) • Second CDS: General Anil Chauhan (September 28, 2022) • Extension approved till: May 30, 2026 • CDS heads: Department of Military Affairs • CDS is: Secretary to Government of India
Navratri 2025	• Total Duration: 9 nights and 10 days • Day 8 (Sep 29): Maa Kalaratri • Day 9 (Sep 30): Maa Mahagauri • Day 10 (Oct 1): Vijayadashami/Dussehra • Month: Ashwin (Hindu calendar) • Symbolism: Victory of good over evil • Types: 4 Navratris annually (Chaitra, Ashadha, Sharad, Pausha)
Asia Cup Cricket 2025	• Final Date: September 28, 2025 • Venue: Dubai, UAE • Winner: India • Runner-up: Pakistan • India's Score: 150/5 (19.4 overs) • Pakistan's Score: 146 (20 overs) • Player of Match: Tilak Varma (IND) • Tournament MVP: Kuldeep Yadav (IND) • Winning Margin: 5 wickets, 2 balls remaining • Organizing Body: Asian Cricket Council (ACC)
Gold Prices (Sep 29, 2025)	• 24K Gold: ₹11,640 per gram • 22K Gold: ₹10,670 per gram • 18K Gold: ₹8,730 per gram • 24K purity: 99.9% • 22K purity: 91.67% • 18K purity: 75% • India's gold holding: ~25,000 tonnes (households) • SGB Interest Rate: 2.5% per annum
Important Bodies & Their Roles	• ACC: Appointments Committee of Cabinet (chaired by PM) • DMA: Department of Military Affairs (headed by CDS) • BCCI: Board of Control for Cricket in India • ACC (Cricket): Asian Cricket Council (HQ: Kuala Lumpur) • CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board (est. 1974) • NGT: National Green Tribunal (est. 2010) • RBI: Reserve Bank of India (issues SGBs)
Constitutional Provisions	• Article 48A: State to protect environment • Article 51A(g): Fundamental duty to protect environment • Article 310: Doctrine of Pleasure • Article 311: Protection against removal/dismissal • Articles 309-323: Civil Services provisions • Article 246: Distribution of legislative powers