THE HINDU - COMPREHENSIVE CURRENT AFFAIRS- 02 October 2025

🔥 Breaking: ADB projects India's GDP growth at 6.5% for FY2025-26 | India wins Women's Cricket World Cup opener | Gold prices soar during festive season 🔥

Introduction

Welcome to today's comprehensive current affairs compilation for competitive exam aspirants. October 2, 2025, brings significant developments across multiple sectors that are crucial for UPSC, SSC, Banking, and State examinations. Today's key highlights include the Asian Development Bank's economic forecast for India, developments in international relations with Canada's designation of criminal organizations, sports achievements in cricket, and economic indicators showing festive season impacts on commodity markets. This edition covers national governance issues, economic policies, international diplomacy, and social developments. Each news item has been analyzed with historical context, key concepts, exam relevance, and quick revision points to help you prepare effectively for your upcoming examinations.

1. ECONOMY & FINANCE

News 1: ADB Projects India's GDP Growth at 6.5% for FY2025 and FY2026

Headline & Description: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has forecasted India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to grow at 6.5% for both fiscal years - FY2025 (ending March 31, 2026) and FY2026, according to the Asian Development Outlook September 2025. This projection reflects sustained economic momentum despite global headwinds and demonstrates India's resilience in maintaining growth trajectory.

Context & Background: GDP growth projections are crucial economic indicators that governments, businesses, and investors use for planning. India's GDP growth has shown remarkable resilience post-pandemic. In FY2024, India was one of the fastest-growing major economies globally. The Economic Survey 2024-25 had estimated real GDP growth of 6.3%-6.8% for 2025-26, which aligns closely with ADB's projection. Historical context shows that India achieved 7.2% growth in FY2023 and approximately 8.2% in FY2022, recovering strongly from the COVID-19 pandemic impact. The government's focus on infrastructure development, manufacturing through Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, and digital economy expansion has contributed to sustained growth.

Key Concepts:

• GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific time period, usually a year. It is the primary indicator of economic health.
• Fiscal Year (FY): In India, the fiscal year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. FY2025 means April 1, 2024, to March 31, 2025.
• Asian Development Bank (ADB): Established in 1966, ADB is a regional development bank headquartered in Manila, Philippines. It aims to promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. India is a founding member.
• Asian Development Outlook: ADB's flagship economic publication that provides comprehensive economic analysis and forecasts for Asian economies, published twice yearly.
• Real GDP Growth: GDP growth adjusted for inflation, showing the actual increase in production and economic activity.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Questions on India's GDP growth rate, economic projections, and comparison with other major economies are frequently asked in prelims and mains examinations
• Understanding economic indicators is crucial for essays and General Studies Paper III (UPSC)
• Banking exams frequently test knowledge of current GDP figures, growth forecasts, and economic terminology
• State exams often include questions on economic development and growth projections
• This topic connects to broader themes of economic planning, development economics, and fiscal policy

Stakeholders:

• Asian Development Bank: Forecasting agency providing economic analysis
• Government of India: Ministry of Finance, NITI Aayog - Policy implementation bodies
• Reserve Bank of India: Monetary policy decisions based on growth projections
• Investors and Businesses: Planning investments and expansion based on growth outlook
• International Organizations: IMF, World Bank monitoring India's economic performance

Impact & Implications:

• Economic Stability: 6.5% growth indicates robust economic health and positions India among the fastest-growing major economies
• Investment Climate: Positive growth projections attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and boost investor confidence
• Employment Generation: Sustained growth is expected to create jobs across sectors, particularly manufacturing and services
• Poverty Alleviation: Economic growth contributes to poverty reduction and improved living standards
• Global Standing: Reinforces India's position as a key driver of global economic growth
• Policy Implications: Government can continue infrastructure spending and social welfare schemes with confidence in revenue generation
• Challenges: Need to ensure growth is inclusive and addresses income inequality concerns

News 2: Gold Prices Continue Upward Trend During Festival Season

Headline & Description: Gold prices have been continuously touching new highs during the festive and wedding season in India. The precious metal's prices have surged keeping in view the traditional buying patterns during festivals like Navratri, Dussehra, and the upcoming Diwali celebrations. This price movement is significant for both consumers and the economy.

Context & Background: India is the world's second-largest consumer of gold after China. Historically, gold holds immense cultural and economic significance in Indian society, considered auspicious for festivals, weddings, and as an investment avenue. The festive season from September to November (Navratri, Dussehra, Dhanteras, Diwali) and the wedding season contribute to nearly 50% of annual gold demand. International gold prices are influenced by US dollar strength, interest rates, geopolitical tensions, and inflation. In 2024-25, global economic uncertainty and central bank gold buying have pushed prices higher. India imports approximately 800-900 tonnes of gold annually, making it a significant factor in the country's trade deficit.

Key Concepts:

• Gold Standard Pricing: Gold is internationally priced in US dollars per troy ounce. In India, it's sold in grams with prices varying by city due to local taxes, transportation costs, and making charges.
• Import Duty on Gold: Currently, India levies customs duty on gold imports to manage trade deficit and promote domestic gold production. Changes in duty rates directly impact domestic prices.
• Gold Monetization Scheme: Government initiative to mobilize idle gold holdings in the country and reduce import dependence.
• Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB): Government securities denominated in grams of gold, issued by RBI as an alternative to physical gold investment.
• Safe Haven Asset: Gold is considered a safe investment during economic uncertainty, inflation, or geopolitical instability.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Questions on gold import policy, trade deficit, and precious metals market are common in economics sections
• Understanding commodity markets is important for Banking and SSC exams
• Gold's role in India's economy, current account deficit, and monetary policy are relevant for UPSC GS Paper III
• Cultural significance of gold in Indian economy connects to social and economic geography topics

Stakeholders:

• Consumers: Individuals purchasing gold for festivals, weddings, and investment
• Jewelers and Retailers: Gold industry businesses affected by price volatility
• Government: Ministry of Finance, Customs Department managing import policies
• Reserve Bank of India: Monitors gold imports as part of balance of payments management
• Importers and Refiners: Companies involved in gold supply chain
• Banks: Offering gold loans, gold deposit schemes

Impact & Implications:

• Consumer Burden: Higher prices reduce affordability for common consumers during auspicious occasions
• Trade Deficit: Increased gold imports at higher prices widen India's current account deficit
• Inflation Impact: Gold price rise contributes to inflationary pressures in the economy
• Investment Shift: May drive investors toward alternatives like Sovereign Gold Bonds or Gold ETFs
• Forex Reserves: Higher import bill puts pressure on foreign exchange reserves
• Jewellery Industry: Mixed impact - higher margins but potentially lower volumes due to price resistance

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & DIPLOMACY

News 3: Canada Designates Lawrence Bishnoi Gang as Terrorist Organization

Headline & Description: On September 29, 2025, Canada officially designated the Lawrence Bishnoi Gang as a terrorist organization, citing charges of waging terrorism and violence against Indian Canadians. This unprecedented move marks a significant development in Indo-Canadian relations and highlights the growing concern over transnational organized crime networks operating between the two nations.

Context & Background: The Lawrence Bishnoi gang has been involved in numerous high-profile criminal activities including extortion, contract killings, and organized crime in India and abroad. The gang gained international attention following alleged involvement in violent incidents targeting Indian diaspora members in Canada. Relations between India and Canada have been strained since 2023 over allegations regarding Khalistani extremism and related security concerns. Canada hosts a significant Sikh population (approximately 770,000), and issues related to Khalistan separatism have been a point of diplomatic tension. The designation as a terrorist organization allows Canadian authorities to freeze assets, prosecute members, and enhance surveillance of the gang's activities. This follows India's repeated concerns about anti-India elements operating freely in Canada and conducting criminal and terrorist activities.

Key Concepts:

• Terrorist Organization Designation: A legal classification that empowers governments to take stringent action including asset freezing, travel bans, prosecution under anti-terrorism laws, and enhanced surveillance against designated groups.
• Transnational Organized Crime: Criminal activities that cross international borders, involving networks operating in multiple countries for profit through illegal means.
• Extradition: The legal process by which one country surrenders a suspected or convicted criminal to another country for trial or punishment. India and Canada have an extradition treaty signed in 1987.
• Khalistani Movement: A separatist movement seeking an independent Sikh homeland called Khalistan. While dormant in India, it has some presence among diaspora communities in countries like Canada, UK, and USA.
• Indian Diaspora: Indians living abroad - Canada has approximately 1.8 million people of Indian origin, making it one of the largest Indian diaspora populations globally.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• International relations questions related to India-Canada relations, diaspora issues, and counter-terrorism are frequently asked in UPSC mains and prelims
• Understanding transnational crime and terrorism is crucial for internal security and international relations topics
• Questions on extradition treaties, diplomatic tensions, and bilateral relations appear in state PSC exams
• Current affairs related to India's foreign policy and neighborhood diplomacy are high-priority topics
• Essay topics on terrorism, organized crime, and international cooperation are relevant

Stakeholders:

• Government of Canada: Taking action under its Criminal Code and anti-terrorism legislation
• Government of India: Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Investigation Agency monitoring developments
• Indian Diaspora in Canada: Community concerned about safety and security
• Law Enforcement Agencies: Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Indian Police Services
• International Organizations: INTERPOL, United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee
• Criminal Networks: Lawrence Bishnoi gang members and associates facing legal action

Impact & Implications:

• Bilateral Relations: Potentially improves India-Canada security cooperation after recent tensions
• Diaspora Security: Enhanced protection for Indian-origin individuals in Canada from criminal threats
• Legal Framework: Enables prosecution of gang members under terrorism charges with stricter penalties
• Asset Freezing: Canadian authorities can freeze financial assets and properties linked to the organization
• Deterrence Effect: Sends strong message to other criminal organizations operating internationally
• Intelligence Sharing: May lead to increased cooperation between Indian and Canadian agencies
• Extradition Cases: Could facilitate extradition of wanted criminals from Canada to India
• Diplomatic Precedent: Sets precedent for addressing organized crime as terrorism in bilateral relations

3. NATIONAL & POLITICS

News 4: Union Budget 2025-26 Highlights - Tax Relief for Middle Class

Headline & Description: The Union Budget 2025-26, presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on February 1, 2025, introduced significant tax relief for the middle class. Under the new tax regime, no income tax is payable on income up to ₹12 lakh per annum (₹12.75 lakh for salaried employees with standard deduction). This historic move aims to boost consumption, increase disposable income, and simplify taxation for middle-class taxpayers.

Context & Background: The Union Budget is the annual financial statement of the government presented before Parliament, detailing estimated revenues and expenditures for the upcoming fiscal year. Article 112 of the Indian Constitution mandates the presentation of the Union Budget. Traditionally presented on the last working day of February, it was shifted to February 1 from 2017 onwards to allow early completion of legislative business. The 2025-26 budget is significant as it's part of the government's roadmap toward "Viksit Bharat" (Developed India) by 2047. Previous budgets had introduced the new tax regime in 2020, offering lower tax rates without exemptions and deductions. The middle class has been demanding tax relief considering rising inflation and cost of living. This budget's tax relief is one of the most significant middle-class benefits in recent years.

Key Concepts:

• Union Budget: The annual financial statement under Article 112 of the Constitution, containing estimates of revenue and expenditure, tax proposals, and government's economic policy direction.
• Old vs New Tax Regime: Old regime allowed various deductions and exemptions with higher tax rates; new regime offers lower rates but fewer deductions. Taxpayers can choose between both.
• Standard Deduction: A flat deduction of ₹75,000 allowed for salaried individuals from their gross salary before calculating taxable income under new regime.
• Fiscal Deficit: The difference between government's total expenditure and total revenue excluding borrowings. Target for FY2025-26 is typically around 5.1-5.3% of GDP.
• Direct vs Indirect Taxes: Direct taxes (income tax, corporate tax) are paid directly to government; indirect taxes (GST, customs duty) are collected through intermediaries.
• Viksit Bharat 2047: Government's vision to make India a developed nation by 2047, the 100th year of independence.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Budget-related questions are staple in all competitive exams - prelims often test budget terminology, allocation to schemes, and tax proposals
• UPSC mains includes questions on fiscal policy, budget analysis, and economic reforms in GS Paper III
• Banking exams extensively cover budget highlights, financial terminology, and economic policy changes
• State PSC exams test knowledge of central budget allocations to states and welfare schemes
• Tax structure and reforms are frequently asked in descriptive papers
• Essay topics on economic inequality, taxation policy, and middle-class welfare are relevant

Stakeholders:

• Finance Ministry: Led by Nirmala Sitharaman, responsible for budget formulation and presentation
• Parliament: Discusses, debates, and approves budget proposals
• Middle-Class Taxpayers: Primary beneficiaries of tax relief measures earning up to ₹12 lakh
• Income Tax Department: Implements tax policy changes and collections
• NITI Aayog: Policy think tank advising on economic planning
• State Governments: Receive allocations and share of central taxes
• Businesses and Corporates: Affected by tax policies and economic allocations

Impact & Implications:

• Increased Disposable Income: Tax savings of ₹50,000-80,000 annually for beneficiaries boost purchasing power
• Consumption Boost: Higher disposable income expected to increase demand for goods and services, stimulating economic growth
• Revenue Impact: Government foregoes approximately ₹1 lakh crore in tax revenue but expects to recover through increased economic activity
• Simplified Taxation: New regime with higher exemption limit encourages taxpayers to shift from old regime
• Middle-Class Support: Addresses long-standing demand for tax relief and improves political goodwill
• Investment Potential: Increased savings may flow into financial markets, real estate, or consumption
• Inflation Management: More spending power may contribute to demand-pull inflation if supply doesn't match
• Global Competitiveness: Competitive tax rates may attract talent and prevent brain drain

4. SOCIAL ISSUES & SCHEMES

News 5: New Entrepreneurship Scheme for Women, SC, ST Communities

Headline & Description: Union Budget 2025-26 announced a new entrepreneurship scheme targeting 5 lakh first-time entrepreneurs from women, Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Scheduled Castes (SC) communities. The scheme will provide term loans up to ₹2 crore for the next 5 years, incorporating lessons from the Stand-Up India scheme. It includes online capacity building, mentorship, and credit support to promote entrepreneurship among underrepresented communities.

Context & Background: India has been focusing on inclusive growth and entrepreneurship development through various schemes. The Stand-Up India scheme, launched on April 5, 2016, was designed to facilitate bank loans between ₹10 lakh and ₹1 crore to at least one SC/ST borrower and one woman borrower per bank branch for setting up greenfield enterprises. Despite these efforts, women, SC, and ST communities remain underrepresented in entrepreneurship. According to NSSO data, women constitute only about 13.5-14% of total entrepreneurs in India. SC/ST communities face systemic barriers including limited access to capital, lack of collateral, social discrimination, and inadequate business networks. The new scheme addresses these gaps by providing higher loan amounts, integrated capacity building, and targeted support. This aligns with government's focus on financial inclusion, social justice, and economic empowerment of marginalized sections.

Key Concepts:

• Entrepreneurship: The process of starting and running one's own business, taking financial risks in hope of profit. It drives economic growth, innovation, and job creation.
• Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST): Constitutionally recognized disadvantaged communities in India listed in Articles 341 and 342. They are eligible for affirmative action in education, employment, and other areas.
• Term Loan: A loan for fixed amount with fixed repayment schedule and fixed or floating interest rate, typically used for capital expenditure or business expansion.
• Stand-Up India Scheme: Launched in 2016 to promote entrepreneurship among women and SC/ST communities through bank loans for greenfield enterprises in manufacturing, services, or trading sector.
• Capacity Building: Process of developing and strengthening skills, knowledge, abilities, and resources needed for individuals or organizations to survive, adapt, and thrive.
• Financial Inclusion: Ensuring access to financial services like banking, credit, insurance, and payment systems to all sections of society, especially marginalized groups.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Questions on government schemes for SC/ST welfare and women empowerment frequently appear in prelims and mains
• Social justice and empowerment topics are core areas in UPSC GS Paper II and state PSC exams
• Banking exams test knowledge of financial inclusion schemes and priority sector lending
• Questions comparing various entrepreneurship schemes like Stand-Up India, MUDRA, Start-Up India are common
• Essay topics on inclusive growth, gender equality, and caste-based discrimination are relevant
• Constitutional provisions for SC/ST welfare (Articles 15, 16, 17, 46, 335, 341, 342) are important for law and polity sections

Stakeholders:

• Target Beneficiaries: 5 lakh first-time entrepreneurs from women, SC, and ST communities
• Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment: Oversees schemes for SC welfare
• Ministry of Tribal Affairs: Implements schemes for ST communities
• Ministry of Women and Child Development: Focuses on women's economic empowerment
• Banks and Financial Institutions: Provide loans and banking services under the scheme
• SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India): Likely implementing agency for credit support
• State Governments: Coordinate implementation at state level
• Training Institutes and Incubators: Provide capacity building and mentorship

Impact & Implications:

• Economic Empowerment: Provides capital and support to historically marginalized communities to start businesses
• Job Creation: 5 lakh entrepreneurs could generate employment for lakhs of people
• Reduce Inequality: Addresses economic disparity by enabling wealth creation among disadvantaged groups
• Women's Financial Independence: Promotes gender equality through economic participation
• Social Mobility: Entrepreneurship offers avenue for SC/ST communities to break poverty cycles
• Skill Development: Capacity building component enhances business skills and management capabilities
• Credit Accessibility: Higher loan limit (₹2 crore vs ₹1 crore in Stand-Up India) enables larger ventures
• Digital Integration: Online capacity building modernizes training and makes it widely accessible
• Challenges: Need for effective implementation, monitoring, recovery mechanisms, and addressing ground-level social barriers

5. DISASTER MANAGEMENT & SAFETY

News 6: Karur Crowd Crush Tragedy - Lessons in Event Management

Headline & Description: On September 27, 2025, a devastating crowd crush at a political rally held by actor-turned-politician Vijay in Karur, Tamil Nadu, resulted in at least 40 deaths and 51 injuries. The tragedy occurred when thousands gathered at the rally venue, leading to stampede-like conditions. This incident has raised serious questions about crowd management, safety protocols at public gatherings, and accountability in organizing large-scale political events.

Context & Background: Crowd crushes and stampedes at large gatherings have been recurring tragedies in India. Notable incidents include the 2013 Allahabad stampede (36 deaths), 2022 Baba Siddiqui event in Maharashtra (12 deaths), and numerous temple stampedes. These incidents typically occur due to inadequate crowd management, insufficient exit routes, lack of barricading, panic situations, and organizers' negligence. Tamil Nadu has strict rules under the Tamil Nadu Public Safety (Measures) Enforcement Act, 2013, requiring prior permission for public gatherings exceeding certain numbers. The Disaster Management Act, 2005, and various High Court guidelines mandate safety measures for mass gatherings. Actor Vijay, a popular Tamil cinema star, recently entered politics and commands massive following. His rallies attract tens of thousands of supporters. The Karur incident highlights systemic failures in crowd management despite existing legal frameworks and past tragedies.

Key Concepts:

• Crowd Crush/Stampede: A catastrophic situation where crowd density becomes so high that individual movement becomes impossible, leading to progressive crowd collapse, trampling, and asphyxiation. Different from panic stampede where people run.
• Disaster Management Act, 2005: Provides legal framework for disaster management in India, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response. Establishes National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) headed by Prime Minister.
• Criminal Negligence: Failure to exercise reasonable care resulting in harm or death. Organizers can be held liable under IPC Sections 304A (causing death by negligence) and 337/338 (causing hurt by endangering life).
• Crowd Density: Number of persons per square meter. Safe density is 2-3 persons per sq meter; 4-5 is uncomfortable; above 6 is dangerous; above 8-10 is critical for crowd crush.
• Event Management License: Permission from local authorities (police, fire department, municipal corporation) required for organizing public events ensuring safety standards.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Disaster management is a crucial topic in UPSC GS Paper III and state PSC exams
• Questions on Disaster Management Act, NDMA, crowd management appear regularly
• Current affairs related to major incidents test awareness and analytical ability
• Essay topics on public safety, governance accountability, and urban management are relevant
• Ethics case studies in UPSC mains often include disaster management scenarios
• Questions on legal provisions (IPC sections related to negligence) appear in law-related papers

Stakeholders:

• Victims and Families: 40 deceased and 51 injured individuals and their families seeking justice and compensation
• Event Organizers: Political party workers and management responsible for rally organization
• Actor Vijay: Political figure whose rally was the site of tragedy, facing public scrutiny
• Tamil Nadu Government: State administration responsible for law and order, safety enforcement
• District Administration: Karur Collector and local police who granted permissions and were responsible for crowd management
• Emergency Services: Police, fire department, ambulance services, and hospitals providing emergency response
• Judiciary: Will investigate and determine accountability through inquiries and legal proceedings

Impact & Implications:

• Human Tragedy: Loss of 40 lives and trauma to injured and bereaved families
• Legal Consequences: FIR likely against organizers under IPC sections for negligence; possible arrests and prosecutions
• Political Fallout: Damage to Vijay's political image and party's credibility
• Policy Review: Tamil Nadu may strengthen rules for political rallies and public gatherings
• Compensation: State government announces ex-gratia for victims' families (typically ₹5-10 lakh per deceased)
• Safety Standards: Increased scrutiny of crowd management protocols at all future large events
• Accountability Mechanisms: Need for strict enforcement of existing laws and penalizing negligent organizers
• Public Awareness: Highlights importance of crowd safety and individual caution at mass gatherings
• Emergency Preparedness: Emphasizes need for better emergency response systems and trained personnel at events

6. SPORTS & ACHIEVEMENTS

News 7: India Wins Opening Match at Women's Cricket World Cup 2025

Headline & Description: The Indian women's cricket team, led by captain Harmanpreet Kaur, began their ICC Women's Cricket World Cup 2025 campaign on a winning note. Deepti Sharma starred in India's victory over Sri Lanka in their opening match held on October 1, 2025. The team displayed strong form and determination as they aim for their maiden World Cup title after being runners-up in 2017.

Context & Background: The ICC Women's Cricket World Cup is the premier international championship for women's One Day International (ODI) cricket, held every four years since 1973. India has been a strong contender in women's cricket, having reached the finals in 2005 (runner-up to Australia) and 2017 (runner-up to England). The 2017 final loss at Lord's by just 9 runs remains one of the closest World Cup finals. Since then, Indian women's cricket has seen significant growth in terms of infrastructure, player professionalism, and public interest. The BCCI introduced the Women's Premier League (WPL) in 2023, providing a professional T20 platform similar to the men's IPL. Key players like Harmanpreet Kaur, Smriti Mandhana, and all-rounder Deepti Sharma have become household names. Sri Lanka, though improving, remains a developing team in women's cricket. The 2025 World Cup is being hosted in India (or another country - venue may vary), making this campaign particularly significant for the home team.

Key Concepts:

• ICC (International Cricket Council): The global governing body for cricket, headquartered in Dubai, UAE. Organizes major tournaments including World Cups, Champions Trophy, and World T20.
• ODI (One Day International): A format of cricket with each team playing 50 overs (300 balls). World Cups are contested in this format.
• Women's Premier League (WPL): India's professional T20 league for women launched in 2023, featuring franchise-based teams with auction system similar to IPL.
• All-rounder: A cricketer proficient in both batting and bowling, providing balance to the team. Deepti Sharma is a spin-bowling all-rounder.
• Cricket Formats: Test (5 days), ODI (50 overs per side), T20 (20 overs per side) - each requiring different skills and strategies.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Sports current affairs questions frequently appear in all competitive exams, especially major tournaments and achievements
• Knowledge of sports governing bodies (ICC, BCCI), tournament names, venues, and formats is tested in prelims
• Questions on sports personalities, especially women achievers, are common in state exams and SSC
• General awareness sections in banking exams include sports current affairs
• Women's empowerment in sports connects to social issues and gender equality topics in mains
• Essay topics on sports development, national pride, and women in sports are relevant

Stakeholders:

• Indian Women's Cricket Team: Led by Harmanpreet Kaur, aiming for World Cup glory
• Deepti Sharma: Match-winner and key all-rounder for India
• BCCI (Board of Control for Cricket in India): National governing body managing team, infrastructure, and development
• ICC: Organizing the World Cup tournament
• Fans and Public: Growing support base for women's cricket in India
• Sponsors and Media: Commercial stakeholders promoting and broadcasting the tournament
• Sports Ministry: Government support through schemes like Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS)

Impact & Implications:

• National Pride: Cricket victories boost national morale and sporting prestige
• Women's Empowerment: Success in cricket inspires girls to pursue sports professionally
• Commercial Growth: Winning attracts sponsors, media attention, and investment in women's cricket
• Player Confidence: Opening match victory sets positive momentum for the tournament
• Role Models: Players like Deepti Sharma become inspirations for young athletes
• Infrastructure Development: Success leads to better facilities and training programs for women's sports
• Gender Parity: Closing gap between men's and women's cricket in terms of recognition and rewards
• Global Standing: Strong performance enhances India's reputation in international women's cricket

7. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

News 8: India's Space Program Milestone - Upcoming Gaganyaan Mission

Headline & Description: ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) continues preparations for the Gaganyaan mission, India's first human spaceflight program. The mission aims to send Indian astronauts (Gaganauts) to low Earth orbit by late 2025 or early 2026. Recent test flights and system validations demonstrate India's growing capabilities in human spaceflight, positioning the country as the fourth nation (after Russia, USA, and China) to independently launch humans into space.

Context & Background: The Gaganyaan project was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2018, during his Independence Day speech. The mission involves sending a three-member crew to an orbit of 400 km for a 3-day mission and bringing them back safely to Earth. Four Indian Air Force pilots have been selected and trained as astronaut-candidates (Gaganauts): Group Captains Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, Ajit Krishnan, Angad Pratap, and Shubhanshu Shukla. They underwent training in Russia at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. ISRO has conducted several unmanned test missions including Test Vehicle flights to validate crew escape systems, life support systems, and re-entry technologies. The mission uses the GSLV Mk III rocket (now called LVM3 - Launch Vehicle Mark 3), India's heaviest launch vehicle. Human spaceflight requires mastery of complex technologies including life support, crew safety systems, orbital module design, and precision re-entry. India has been systematically building these capabilities. The mission cost is approximately ₹10,000 crore and represents India's ambition to be a major space power.

Key Concepts:

• ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation): India's national space agency, established in 1969, headquartered in Bengaluru. Known for cost-effective space missions including Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and Chandrayaan lunar missions.
• Gaganyaan: Sanskrit word meaning "sky vehicle" or "celestial vehicle" - India's human spaceflight program.
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Orbital region between 160-2,000 km altitude. Most human spaceflight and satellites operate in LEO due to lower radiation and easier access.
• GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Series of Indian expendable launch vehicles. GSLV Mk III is the heaviest with 4-ton payload capacity to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit.
• Crew Escape System: Emergency system to quickly separate crew module from rocket in case of launch failure, ensuring astronaut safety.
• Re-entry Technology: Complex engineering to bring spacecraft back through Earth's atmosphere, managing extreme heat (1,600°C+) through heat shields and parachutes for safe landing.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Science and technology questions, especially space missions, are priority topics in all competitive exams
• ISRO missions are frequently asked in UPSC prelims and mains (GS Paper III - Science & Technology)
• Questions on satellites, rockets, orbital mechanics appear in state PSC and SSC exams
• Current affairs related to space achievements test general awareness in banking exams
• Essay topics on space exploration, scientific temperament, and India's technological advancement are relevant
• Understanding space policy connects to international relations (space cooperation treaties)

Stakeholders:

• ISRO: Executing agency designing, developing, and launching the mission
• Department of Space: Government department overseeing India's space program under PMO
• Four Gaganauts: Selected astronaut-candidates undergoing training
• HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited): Building crew module and related systems
• Roscosmos (Russia): Providing astronaut training and technical cooperation
• DRDO: Contributing to life support and safety systems
• Scientific Community: Researchers conducting microgravity experiments during mission
• Indian Citizens: Source of national pride and inspiration for STEM careers

Impact & Implications:

• National Prestige: India joins elite club of spacefaring nations with independent human spaceflight capability
• Technological Advancement: Mastery of complex technologies including life support, crew safety, and precision re-entry
• Scientific Research: Enables microgravity experiments in various fields including medicine, materials science, and biology
• Economic Benefits: Develops indigenous industry for spacecraft systems, creates high-tech jobs
• International Cooperation: Opens opportunities for joint missions and technology transfer
• Inspiration for Youth: Motivates students toward STEM education and space careers
• Strategic Capability: Demonstrates technological sophistication relevant to national security
• Future Missions: Foundation for space station plans, Moon missions, and interplanetary exploration
• Space Tourism Potential: Long-term possibility of commercial human spaceflight

8. ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY

News 9: India's Renewable Energy Progress Toward 500 GW Target

Headline & Description: India continues making significant strides in renewable energy capacity addition, moving toward its ambitious target of 500 GW of non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030. Recent data shows India's renewable energy installed capacity has crossed 200 GW mark, with solar and wind energy leading the expansion. This progress aligns with India's commitments under the Paris Agreement and COP26 pledges, positioning the country as a global leader in clean energy transition.

Context & Background: At COP26 in Glasgow (November 2021), Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced India's "Panchamrit" (five nectar elements) strategy: reaching 500 GW non-fossil energy capacity by 2030, fulfilling 50% energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030, reducing total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030, reducing carbon intensity of economy by 45% by 2030, and achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. India's renewable energy journey began seriously in the 2000s with National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008) and National Solar Mission (2010). The country has emerged as the world's fourth-largest renewable energy market. Solar capacity has grown exponentially from negligible amounts in 2010 to over 80 GW currently. Wind energy stands at around 45 GW. Government initiatives including Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for solar manufacturing, International Solar Alliance (ISA), PM-KUSUM scheme for farmers, and aggressive auction mechanisms have accelerated growth. Challenges include grid integration, energy storage, land acquisition, and financing.

Key Concepts:

• Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that naturally replenish (solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal) unlike fossil fuels. Clean energy that doesn't produce greenhouse gas emissions during operation.
• GW (Gigawatt): Unit of power measurement. 1 GW = 1,000 MW (megawatts) = 1,000,000 KW. Measures electricity generation capacity.
• Paris Agreement (2015): International climate treaty under UNFCCC where countries commit to limiting global temperature rise to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.
• COP26: 26th Conference of Parties to UNFCCC held in Glasgow (2021) where enhanced climate commitments were made.
• Carbon Intensity: Amount of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP. Reducing it means economic growth with lower emissions.
• Net Zero: Balance between greenhouse gases emitted and removed from atmosphere. India committed to net-zero by 2070.
• International Solar Alliance (ISA): Indian initiative launched in 2015, headquartered in Gurugram, promoting solar energy adoption among 121+ sunshine countries.

Significance & Exam Relevance:

• Environment and climate change questions dominate UPSC GS Paper III and prelims current affairs
• Questions on renewable energy targets, international agreements (Paris, COP conferences) are frequent
• Understanding energy mix, solar/wind capacity, government schemes is crucial for all exams
• State PSCs test knowledge of state-specific renewable energy projects
• Essay topics on climate change, sustainable development, energy security are highly relevant
• Economics papers include questions on green economy and energy transition

Stakeholders:

• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE): Nodal ministry for renewable energy policy and implementation
• NITI Aayog: Policy planning for energy transition strategy
• Power Utilities: NTPC, Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), state electricity boards
• Private Developers: Adani Green, ReNew Power, Tata Power - major renewable energy companies
• International Organizations: ISA, IRENA, World Bank supporting India's transition
• State Governments: Implementing renewable energy projects and policies
• Farmers and Rural Communities: Beneficiaries of schemes like PM-KUSUM (solar pumps)
• Environmental Groups: Advocating for clean energy transition

Impact & Implications:

• Climate Action: Significant contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change
• Energy Security: Reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels (India imports 80%+ of crude oil)
• Economic Savings: Lower energy costs in long term as renewable energy becomes cheaper than fossil fuels
• Job Creation: Renewable energy sector creates employment in manufacturing, installation, maintenance
• Rural Electrification: Distributed solar power brings electricity to remote areas
• Agricultural Benefits: Solar pumps reduce farming costs and provide energy access
• Technology Leadership: India becoming global hub for solar manufacturing and innovation
• Challenges: Grid stability with variable renewable energy, storage technology needs, transmission infrastructure requirements
• Global Leadership: India's success demonstrates viable path for developing countries in energy transition

QUICK FACTS / REVISION NOTES

Topic	Key Facts
India's GDP Growth (ADB Forecast)	• FY2025-26: 6.5% growth • Source: Asian Development Outlook September 2025 • ADB Headquarters: Manila, Philippines (Est. 1966) • India's Fiscal Year: April 1 to March 31 • India among fastest-growing major economies globally
Union Budget 2025-26 Tax Relief	• No tax up to ₹12 lakh annual income (new regime) • With standard deduction (₹75,000): ₹12.75 lakh for salaried • Budget presented: February 1, 2025 • Finance Minister: Nirmala Sitharaman • Constitutional provision: Article 112 • Revenue foregone: ~₹1 lakh crore
Lawrence Bishnoi Gang Designation	• Designated: September 29, 2025 • Designated by: Canada • Classification: Terrorist Organization • Indian diaspora in Canada: ~1.8 million • India-Canada Extradition Treaty: 1987 • Enables: Asset freezing, prosecution under terrorism laws
Entrepreneurship Scheme for Women, SC, ST	• Target: 5 lakh first-time entrepreneurs • Loan amount: Up to ₹2 crore • Duration: Next 5 years • Beneficiaries: Women, SC, ST communities • Includes: Online capacity building, mentorship, credit support • Previous scheme: Stand-Up India (₹10 lakh to ₹1 crore loans)
Karur Tragedy	• Date: September 27, 2025 • Location: Karur, Tamil Nadu • Deaths: 40 | Injuries: 51 • Event: Political rally (Actor Vijay) • Cause: Crowd crush / stampede • Law: Disaster Management Act, 2005 • IPC Sections: 304A (death by negligence), 337/338 (causing hurt)
Women's Cricket World Cup 2025	• India's opening match: October 1, 2025 • Result: Won against Sri Lanka • Star performer: Deepti Sharma • Captain: Harmanpreet Kaur • Previous finals: 2005 (runner-up), 2017 (runner-up) • Women's Premier League (WPL): Launched 2023 • ICC Headquarters: Dubai, UAE
Gaganyaan Mission	• India's first human spaceflight program • Announced: August 15, 2018 • Timeline: Late 2025 or early 2026 • Orbit: 400 km | Duration: 3 days • Crew: 3 members • Selected Gaganauts: 4 IAF pilots • Rocket: GSLV Mk III / LVM3 • Budget: ~₹10,000 crore • India will be 4th nation (after Russia, USA, China)
Renewable Energy Progress	• Target: 500 GW by 2030 (non-fossil fuel) • Current capacity: 200+ GW • Solar: ~80 GW | Wind: ~45 GW • Panchamrit announced: COP26, Glasgow (Nov 2021) • Net Zero target: 2070 • International Solar Alliance HQ: Gurugram • 50% energy from renewables by 2030 (target)
Important Organizations	• ISRO HQ: Bengaluru (Est. 1969) • ADB: Manila, Philippines (Est. 1966) • ICC: Dubai, UAE • ISA: Gurugram, India (Est. 2015) • MNRE: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy • NDMA: National Disaster Management Authority
Constitutional Articles (Revision)	• Article 112: Union Budget presentation • Article 341: Scheduled Castes • Article 342: Scheduled Tribes • Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination • Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment • Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of SC/ST

PRACTICE MCQs FOR REVISION

Question	Answer
1. What is India's GDP growth forecast by ADB for FY2025-26?	6.5%
2. Under Union Budget 2025-26 new tax regime, up to what income is tax-free for salaried employees?	₹12.75 lakh (with ₹75,000 standard deduction)
3. Which country designated Lawrence Bishnoi gang as terrorist organization in September 2025?	Canada
4. How many entrepreneurs will benefit from the new SC/ST/Women entrepreneurship scheme?	5 lakh
5. What is the maximum loan amount under the new entrepreneurship scheme?	₹2 crore
6. In which district of Tamil Nadu did the crowd crush tragedy occur on September 27, 2025?	Karur
7. Who is the captain of Indian women's cricket team in World Cup 2025?	Harmanpreet Kaur
8. Which Indian woman cricketer starred in the opening World Cup match against Sri Lanka?	Deepti Sharma
9. What is the name of India's human spaceflight program?	Gaganyaan
10. How many crew members will Gaganyaan carry on its mission?	3 members
11. What is India's renewable energy capacity target by 2030?	500 GW (non-fossil fuel)
12. What is India's Net Zero emission target year?	2070
13. Where is the headquarters of International Solar Alliance (ISA)?	Gurugram, India
14. Which Article of the Constitution mandates Union Budget presentation?	Article 112
15. What is the headquarters of Asian Development Bank (ADB)?	Manila, Philippines

INTERCONNECTED TOPICS FOR HOLISTIC UNDERSTANDING

1. Economic Development & Social Justice: The Union Budget's tax relief for middle class and entrepreneurship scheme for SC/ST/Women demonstrate the government's twin focus on economic growth and inclusive development. These connect to constitutional mandates under Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) - Article 38 (minimize inequalities), Article 39 (equitable distribution of wealth), and Article 46 (promote educational and economic interests of weaker sections).

2. Disaster Management & Governance: The Karur crowd crush tragedy highlights gaps between existing laws (Disaster Management Act 2005, IPC provisions) and ground-level implementation. It connects to broader governance issues including accountability of public officials, enforcement of safety standards, and need for capacity building in event management.

3. Energy Security & Climate Change: India's renewable energy progress directly impacts three critical areas: (a) Energy security by reducing import dependence, (b) Climate change mitigation through reduced emissions, (c) Economic development through green jobs and technology leadership. This intersects with international relations (Paris Agreement compliance) and sustainable development goals.

4. Space Technology & National Development: Gaganyaan mission represents convergence of multiple objectives: technological advancement, national prestige, scientific research capabilities, and inspiration for youth. It connects space technology to practical applications in communication, navigation, disaster management, and resource mapping.

5. Sports & Gender Equality: Success in women's cricket demonstrates progress in gender equality in sports. It connects to broader themes of women's empowerment, equal opportunity, and breaking gender stereotypes. The growth from 2017 final loss to current competitive team shows how sustained investment and policy support yield results.

CONCLUSION

Today's current affairs compilation covers diverse yet interconnected themes crucial for competitive examination preparation. The economic developments - ADB's GDP forecast and Union Budget tax relief - reflect India's growth trajectory and policy priorities balancing economic expansion with social welfare. The entrepreneurship scheme for women, SC, and ST communities embodies constitutional commitments to social justice and inclusive growth.

International relations dimension through Canada's designation of the Bishnoi gang highlights transnational crime challenges and the importance of bilateral cooperation in addressing security threats. The Karur tragedy serves as a grim reminder that effective governance requires not just good laws but rigorous implementation and accountability.

India's achievements in sports (women's cricket) and upcoming milestones in space exploration (Gaganyaan) demonstrate the nation's growing capabilities and aspirations. The renewable energy progress toward 500 GW target positions India as a responsible global player in climate action while pursuing energy security.

Key Takeaways for Exam Preparation:

• Focus on interconnections between topics - economic policy connects to social justice; environment connects to economic development
• Understand not just "what" but "why" and "how" - context, background, and implications matter for mains answers
• Remember key numbers, dates, names, and organizations - they're frequently tested in prelims
• Relate current events to constitutional provisions, government schemes, and historical context
• Develop analytical perspective - every news item has multiple stakeholders, impacts, and policy dimensions
• Connect national developments to international commitments and global trends
• Practice articulating these connections in mock answers and essay writing

Regular reading and analysis of daily current affairs in this structured manner will significantly enhance your preparation for UPSC, SSC, Banking, and State examinations. Focus on quality of understanding over quantity of information. Revise regularly using the quick facts table and MCQs provided. Stay updated, stay motivated, and success will follow!

Tomorrow's Preview: Continue following this daily current affairs series for comprehensive coverage of important national and international developments, economic policy updates, government schemes, scientific achievements, and environmental issues - all explained with exam-oriented perspective.

📚 Best wishes for your examination preparation! Stay consistent, stay focused, and achieve your dreams! 🎯